In May 1996, eager fantasy fans in the UK hit their local bookstore to pick up the seventh and latest Wheel of Time novel in hardcover. Robert Jordan's giga-series ruled the roost in fantasy sales, only beaten in the UK by homegrown legend Terry Pratchett and his Discworld saga (which had two entries in 1996, Pratchett not being one to hang around). But fans picking up the brick-thick tome could also pick up something else: a preview booklet for a new novel arriving later that year. The preview booklet even had a Robert Jordan back cover quote: "A Game of Thrones grabs hold and won't let go!" proclaimed Jordan. "It's brilliant!" he added, possibly redundantly.
Arriving in the first week of August 1996 (release dates being a window rather than a specific date at that point, especially for the first book in a new series by an author who was not a household name), A Game of Thrones was George R.R. Martin's first solo novel for thirteen years. That novel, the supernatural rock and roll story The Armageddon Rag, had sold poorly and had dented Martin's publishing reputation to the point that he couldn't sell his his next planned books and instead took up a career in Hollywood, working on The Twilight Zone and Beauty and the Beast. He did repair his reputation in publishing circles with his short story collection/fixup novel Tuf Voyaging (1986) and then as the editor-in-chief of the Wild Cards shared world anthology series, which started in 1987, but there was a perception that a promising genre novelist had been lost to the silver screen.
They may have been right, for a while, but Martin had grown frustrated with everything he wrote being "too long and too expensive" for the screen and started planning a return to fiction, where length and budget were not (or at least less) of a concern. With Beauty and the Beast finishing in 1990, Martin started work on Avalon, a new novel in the Thousand Worlds science fiction setting of his early work. By summer 1991, work on that novel was coming along well when he was almost forcibly struck by the vision of a young boy watching a man being beheaded in the snow. Martin didn't know what that meant, whether it was a short story or a novella or more, but started writing. More chapters came, and he left Avalon cooling off in a corner of his hard drive (where it presumably remains, the victim of maybe the biggest writing tangent in human history).
Martin's early career can be defined by promising series he started writing only to dry up after a promising first instalment, and he generally needed to get a story down whilst it was white-hot in his mind before it could cool off. As a result, A Song of Ice and Fire was almost strangled at birth when Hollywood called Martin up and offered him the thing he'd been dreaming about for ten years: his own TV show. Martin agreed with alacrity and began working on Doorways, a TV series about a character who can slip between parallel universes. Sets were built, casting was undertaken in Europe and a pilot episode filmed, featuring among its supporting players an unknown actress called Carrie-Ann Moss. By late 1992 or early 1993 ABC had passed on the project and Martin returned to working on what he was now calling A Game of Thrones. Rather than losing the thread of the novel whilst working on the TV pilot, Martin had used the time to solidify some of his ideas.
Martin had by now drawn a map of the vast continent called Westeros where the bulk of the action would take place. Additional action was happening to one character on an even bigger continent to the east, but Martin decided not to map or name that landmass to preserve a sense of mystery. He had also made a key decision on the tone of the story. His initial chapters had not featured any magic at all, and he had toyed with the idea of having no fantastical or supernatural elements of any kind, just a "fake history" in a different world. Martin's friend Phyllis Eisenstein, knowing of Martin's lifelong love of writers like Robert E. Howard, Jack Vance, Michael Moorcock and Tolkien, thought this was limiting and suggested that he "put the dragons in." He took this advice to heart and, not one to do things by thirds, he put three dragons and a multitude of zombies and ice creatures in for good measure. A new prologue incorporating some of these elements followed.
In October 1993, Martin sent the novel's opening thirteen chapters (totalling around 170 pages) out to publishers, alongside a rough outline of what he now considered to be a trilogy called A Song of Ice and Fire. Martin was not a fan of outlines, feeling they inhibited the improvisational urge that gave rise to the best fiction (in this he was similar to Robert Jordan, Terry Pratchett, Stephen King and J.R.R. Tolkien, so was in reasonable company), so cheerfully admitted that the outline would probably bear no resemblance to the actual series as it unfolded, as would very much prove to be the case.
The outline did its job, with publishers in both the USA and UK eager to snap up the series. Epic fantasy was huge business at the time but an epic fantasy from a credible, multi-award-winning genre figure was much rarer. More to the point, the editors who read the early chapters saw immense commercial potential mixed with excellent dialogue, potentially a critical and sales success. If anything, the UK was even more thrilled than the US publishing houses, with Legend Books and HarperCollins getting into a brutal bidding war that ended with Legend's John Jarrold admitting defeat to HarperCollins's Malcolm Edwards after the tactical deployment of a cheque for £450,000 (about £978,000 in today's money) in February 1994.
Martin discovered he may have bitten off more than he'd initially planned to chew (potentially not for the first time). His original estimate of three 700 manuscript page books started to look naive when he soared past 1,000 manuscript pages for the first book and kept going...and going. He took a hard look at the pages he had and chainsawed the book at a dramatically appropriate moment, calling this first coherent chunk A Game of Thrones and sending it off to his publishers, along with his apologetic note that A Song of Ice and Fire would now be four volumes in length.
Someone who was very happy was Robert Jordan, who sent George's editor a letter celebrating the fact that A Song of Ice and Fire would now take as long as it would take, across as many novels as it would take, rather than being artificially restricted to just three books. Jordan's unrepentant enjoyment of A Song of Ice and Fire may be explained by the fact that his original outline for The Wheel of Time was far more heavy metal, balls-out crazy than what the series ended up being, with half-demons invading our world through portals and the main character having sex with almost every female character of note in his quest to save the world, presumably by exercising his prostate. Jordan's editor (also his wife) and publisher asked him to tone it down a bit and write something with a bit wider of an age range, which ended up being commercially the better decision, but Jordan may have felt a little disappointed at not having unleashed his inner keg rager of a writer, whilst George had.
Finally complete (sort of), A Game of Thrones hit shelves in the first week of August 1996, preceded by the aforementioned sampler in May in the UK and, in the USA, by Blood of the Dragon, a novella consisting of all the Daenerys Targaryen chapters arranged into a single story. This novella was published in Asimov's, one of the leading SF magazines of the day, to try to tempt Martin's already-existing SF fanbase into trying his fantasy novel.
These intriguing tactics proved...not really successful. A Game of Thrones launched to a muted reception. Sales were okay, but not stunning. Reviews were decidedly all over the place. As well as Robert Jordan, authors Raymond E. Feist, Katherine Kerr and Anne McCaffrey gave the book glowing reviews and cover quotes, but critical reviews were somewhat less unanimous. SFX Magazine, Britain's biggest-selling SF magazine, was cool at best. The reaction was, after five years of build-up, underwhelming. However, Martin did get some consolation when Blood of the Dragon won the Hugo Award for Best Novella in 1997, the only literary Hugo the series has won to date (A Storm of Swords made a strong swing for the Best Novel prize in 2001, but was defeated by Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire).
But, things slowly got better. The Wheel of Time fanbase, responding to Jordan's exultations about the novel and, with that series entering its longest hiatus (though, at two-and-a-half years until the next novel, perhaps not that bad in retrospect) many decided to check out A Game of Thrones. Arguably the earliest stirrings of the online Song of Ice and Fire discourse came about on Wheel of Time fansites. Some eager fans quickly created their own websites, with early discussion on the Dragonstone site before moving to Westeros.org.
A Game of Thrones came out in paperback and saw a jump in sales, with additional cover quotes joining the party. Thanks to the novel being split off from the larger manuscript, Martin already had a significant head start on the second book, which he now called A Clash of Kings. Martin's original plan had been to release a book a year in the series, but when he turned in A Clash of Kings in early 1998, he was deeply apologetic and some very early grumblings online can be discerned about the lateness of the book (proving that historical irony is definitely a thing). More traditionally, the same thing that had happened to Thrones had happened to this book. Once again, the book had gotten too big to be published in one volume and Martin's trusty literary chainsaw had been deployed, with a third volume called A Storm of Swords introduced to the mix.
At this point Martin decided to at least have a go at writing a new outline, one that has never been made public, and from this he deduced that the series would now consist of six books: A Game of Thrones, A Clash of Kings, A Storm of Swords, A Dance with Dragons, The Winds of Winter and A Time for Wolves (a title he was never happy with, many years later replacing it with A Dream of Spring). He also mounted his first reconnaissance expedition into the lands of Westeros outside of the main series. His colleague Robert Silverberg had called to ask for a short story in the same world for an anthology he was editing called Legends. Martin eagerly agreed, and his story The Hedge Knight, about a young knight and his unusual squire adventuring in the Seven Kingdoms some ninety years before the events of A Game of Thrones, duly appeared in the book alongside new stories in their signature universes from the likes of Pratchett, King, Feist...and inevitably Robert Jordan. It was arguably Jordan's short story New Spring that drove sales of the anthology more than anything else, which led to people reading The Hedge Knight, which led to people buying A Game of Thrones and its newly-minted sequel.
The rest is history, both past and present. The series did expand, though thankfully only from six to seven planned novels (touching wood). A tiny TV operation called HBO picked up the screen rights to the books and turned them into the biggest drama show of the entire decade in the 2010s, driving sales of the books to over 100 million (HarperCollins, you'll be happy or, more likely, totally indifferent to know, turned a profit on that advance). The novels would get turned into video games, board games, tabletop roleplaying games, action figures, miniatures, calendars and, most vitally cookery books. An entire ecosystem of websites and YouTube channels dissecting every scrap of the lore and background material would spring up. The TV show would spawn two spin-off shows, both successful, not to mention a stage play and even a book of witticisms (okay, maybe that one was pushing it a bit). The only thing missing is a Game of Thrones-branded flamethrower shaped like a dragon.
The books would get everything but, so far, an ending. Yes, and I know the novelty of this information this will shock readers to the very core of their being, A Song of Ice and Fire is, thirty years on from the release of A Game of Thrones (and fifteen from A Dance with Dragons), incomplete, with five of the planned seven books out and the sixth reportedly sitting on over 1,200 manuscript pages as of last reporting. We'll have to wait and see if the series will be finished. It will have etched its mark into the fabric of fantasy history even if it isn't, but everyone, and George R.R. Martin most of all, will be much happier if the words the series ends on are "THE END" and not "TO BE CONTINUED."
But it's hard to overstate the positive impact that A Game of Thrones had on the history of fantasy fiction, an impact maybe exceeded only by The Lord of the Rings, Robert E. Howard's Conan the Barbarian stories, the Harry Potter phenomenon, and Dave Arneson and Gary Gygax's invention of Dungeons & Dragons in the 1970s, and rivalled only by Terry Pratchett's series about a flat planet and Robert Jordan's series about a battle of the sexes played out as a magical metaphor. Authors like Joe Abercrombie, Scott Lynch and Mark Lawrence would gain traction from playing in a similar sandbox to Martin. Martin would champion younger authors like Daniel Abraham, who (as half of author-unit James S.A. Corey, alongside Martin's former assistant Ty Franck) would go on to write their own successful multi-volume series that would become a popular TV show (The Expanse, in that case). Fantasy would gain a more traction as a serious genre for adults after A Game of Thrones was published.
No comments:
Post a Comment